Solved:Homework 6

Assignment Goals

    • Get Pytorch set up for your environment.

    • Familiarize yourself with the tools.

    • Implementing and training a basic neural network using Pytorch.

    • Happy deep learning :)

Summary

Home-brewing every machine learning solution is not only time-consuming but potentially error-prone. One of the reasons we’re using Python in this course is because it has some very powerful machine learning tools. Besides common scientific computing packages such as SciPy and NumPy, it’s very helpful in practice to use frameworks such as Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow, Pytorch, and MXNet to support your projects. The utilities of these frameworks have been developed by a team of professionals and undergo rigorous testing and verification.

In this homework, we’ll be exploring the Pytorch framework. Please complete the functions in the template provided: intro pytorch.py.


Part 1: Setting up the Python Virtual Environment

In this assignment, you will familiarize yourself with the Python Virtual Environment. Working in a virtual envi-ronment is an important part of working with modern ML platforms, so we want you to get a flavor of that through this assignment. Why do we prefer virtual environments? Virtual environments allow us to install packages within the virtual environment without affecting the host system setup. So you can maintain project-specific packages in respective virtual environments.

We suggest that you use the CS lab computers for this homework. You can also work on your personal system for the initial development, but finally, you will have to test your model on the CSL lab computers. Find more instructions: How to access CSL Machines Remotely

The following are the installation steps for Linux (CSL machines are recommended). You will be working on Python 3 ( instead of Python 2 which is no longer supported). Read more about Pytorch and Python version here. To check your Python version use:

python -V or python3 -V

If you have an alias set for python=python3 then both should show the same version (3.x.x)

Step 1: For simplicity, we use the venv module (feel free to use other virtual envs such as Conda).

To set up a Python Virtual Environment named Pytorch:

python3 -m venv /path/to/new/virtual/environment

For example, if you want to put the virtual environment in your working directory:

python3 -m venv Pytorch

(Optional: If you want to learn more about Python virtual environments, a very good tutorial can be found here.)

Step 2: Activate the environment:

Let’s suppose the name of our virtual environment is Pytorch (you can use any other name if you want). You can activate the environment by the following command:

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source Pytorch/bin/activate

Step3: From your virtual environment shell, run the following commands to upgrade pip and install the CPU version of Pytorch:

pip install --upgrade pip

pip install torch==1.12.1+cpu torchvision==0.13.1+cpu torchaudio==0.12.1+cpu -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torch_stable.html

You can check the version of the packages installed using the following command:

pip freeze

Note: to deactivate the virtual environment, just type

deactivate

Part 2: Build Your First Neural Network

In this section, we will guide you step by step to build a simple deep learning model for predicting labels of hand-written images. You will learn how to build, train, evaluate models, and make predictions on test data using this model. We expect you to implement the following functions in Python.

    • get data loader(training=True)

– Input: an optional boolean argument (default value is True for training dataset)

– Return: Dataloader for the training set (if training = True) or the test set (if training = False)

    • build model()

– Input: none

– Return: an untrained neural network model

    • train model(model, train loader, criterion, T)

– Input: the model produced by the previous function, the train DataLoader produced by the first func-tion, the criterion, and the number of epochs T for training

– Return: none

    • evaluate model(model, test loader, criterion, show loss=True)

– Input: the trained model produced by the previous function, the test DataLoader, and the criterion.

– It prints the evaluation statistics as described below (displaying the loss metric value if and only if the optional parameter has not been set to False)

– Return: none

    • predict label(model, test images, index)

– Input: the trained model and test images

– It prints the top 3 most likely labels for the image at the given index, along with their probabilities

– Return: none


You are free to implement any other utility function. But we will only be testing the functionality using the above 5 APIs, so make sure that each of them follows the exact function signature and returns. You can also use helper methods to visualize the images from the FashionMNIST dataset for a better understanding of the dataset and the labels. But it is entirely optional and does not carry any points.







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Import necessary packages

Here are some of the useful modules that may help us save a ton of efforts in the project:

import torch

import torch.nn as nn

import torch.nn.functional as F

import torch.optim as optim

from torchvision import datasets, transforms

The following 5 sections explain the details for each of the above functions you are required to implement respec-tively.

Get the DataLoader

We will use the Fashion-MNIST dataset, each example is a 28x28 grayscale image, associated with a label from 10 classes.


















Hint 1: note that Pytorch already contains various datasets for you to use, so there is no need to manually download from the Internet. Specifically,

torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST()

can be used to retrieve and return a Dataset object torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST which is a wrapper that contains image inputs ( as 2D arrays) and labels (’T-shirt top’,’ Trouser’, ’Pullover’, ’Dress’, ’Coat’, ’San-dal’,,’Shirt’,,’Sneaker’, ’Bag’,’ Ankle Boot’):

train_set=datasets.FashionMNIST(‘./data’,train=True, download=True,transform=custom_transform)

test_set=datasets.FashionMNIST(’./data’, train=False, transform=custom_transform)

The train set contains images and labels we’ll be using to train our neural network; the test set contains images and labels for model evaluation. Here we set the location where the dataset is downloaded as the data folder in the current directory.

Note that input preprocessing can be done by specifying transform as our custom transform (you don’t need to change this part)


custom_transform= transforms.Compose([

transforms.ToTensor(),

transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))

])

    • transforms.To Tensor() converts a PIL Image or numpy.ndarray to tensor.

    • transforms.Normalize() normalizes the tensor with a mean and standard deviation which goes as the two parameters respectively. Feel free to check the official doc for more details.


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Hint 2: After obtaining the dataset object, you may wonder how to retrieve images and labels during training and testing. Luckily, Pytorch provides such a class called torch.utils.data.DataLoader that implements the iterator protocol. It also provides useful features such as:

    • Batching the data

    • Shuffling the data

    • Load the data in parallel using multiprocessing.

    • ...

Below is the full signature (for more details, check here):

DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=1, shuffle=False, sampler=None, batch_sampler=None, num_workers=0, collate_fn=None, pin_memory=False, drop_last=False, timeout=0, worker_init_fn=None, *, prefetch_factor=2, persistent_workers=False)

As an introductory project, we won’t use complicated features. We ask you to set the batch size = 64 for both train loader and test loader. Besides, set shuffle=False for the test loader. Given a Dataset object data set, we can obtain its DataLoader as follows:


loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(data_set, batch_size = 64)

Putting it all together, you should be ready to implement the get data loader() function. Note that when the optional argument is unspecified, the function should return the Dataloader for the training set. If the optional argument is set to False, the Dataloader for the test set is returned. The expected output is as follows:


    • train_loader = get_data_loader()

    • print(type(train_loader))

<class ’torch.utils.data.dataloader.DataLoader’>

    • print(train_loader.dataset) Dataset MNIST

Number of datapoints: 60000

Root location: ./data

Split: Train StandardTransform

Transform: Compose(

ToTensor()

Normalize(mean=(0.1307,), std=(0.3081,))

)

>>> test_loader = get_data_loader(False)

Build Your Model

After setting up the data loaders, let’s build the model we’re going to use with the datasets. Neural networks in Pytorch are composed of layers. You’ve heard about these in the lecture, but take a minute to look through this simple example (it’s nice and short) to get an idea of what the implementation logistics will look like. We use the following layers in this order:

    1. A Flatten layer to convert the 2D pixel array to a 1D array.

    2. A Dense layer with 128 nodes and a ReLU activation.

    3. A Dense layer with 64 nodes and a ReLU activation.

    4. A Dense layer with 10 nodes.

In this assignment, you are expected to use a Sequential container to hold these layers. As a fun practice, we ask you to fill out the positions marked with “?” with the appropriate parameters.



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model = nn.Sequential(

nn.Flatten(),

nn.Linear(?, ?),

nn.ReLU()

nn.Linear(?, ?),

...

)

After building the model, the expected output should be like this:

    • model = build_model()

    • print(model)

Sequential(

(0): Flatten()

(1): Linear(in_features=?, out_features=?, bias=True)

(2): ReLU()

(3): Linear(in_features=?, out_features=?, bias=True)

...

)

Note that the Flatten layer just serves to reformat the data.

Train Your Model

After building the model, now we are ready to implement the training procedure. One of the parameters of train model(..., criterion, ...) is the criterion, which can be specified as:


criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

Here we use the cross-entropy loss nn.CrossEntropyLoss(), which combines nn.LogSoftmax() and nn.NLLLoss(). Inside the function train model(), you may need to pick your favorite optimization algorithm by setting up an optimizer first: here we use stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with a learning rate of 0.001 and momentum of 0.9:


opt = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

A note on the major difference between gradient descent (GD) and SGD: in GD, all samples in the training set are used to update parameters in a particular iteration; while in SGD, only a random subset of training samples are used to update parameters in a particular iteration. SGD often converges much faster than GD for large datasets.

The standard training procedure contains 2 for loops: the outer for loop iterates over epochs, while the inner for loop iterates over batches of (images, labels) pairs from the train DataLoader. Feel free to check the Train the network part in this official tutorial for more details. Please pay attention to the order of zero grad(), backward() and step(). A kind reminder: please set your model to train mode before iterating over the dataset. This can be done with the following call:


model.train()

We ask you to print the training status after every epoch of training in the following format (it should have 3 components per line):

Train Epoch: ? Accuracy: ?/?(??.??%) Loss: ?.???

Then the training process (for 5 epochs) will be similar to the following (numbers can be different):

Train Epoch: 0    Accuracy: 42954/60000(71.59%) Loss: 0.833

Train Epoch: 1    Accuracy: 49602/60000(82.67%) Loss: 0.489

Train Epoch: 2    Accuracy: 50730/60000(84.55%) Loss: 0.436

Train Epoch: 3    Accuracy: 51383/60000(85.64%) Loss: 0.405

Train Epoch: 4    Accuracy: 51820/60000(86.37%) Loss: 0.383

Here are a few specific requirements for the format:

    • We count the first epoch as Epoch 0

    • All the information should be summarized in one line for each epoch. (e.g. in total you should print 5 lines if you train for 5 epochs)

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    • Accuracy in percentage should be put inside parentheses

    • Accuracy should be printed before Loss

    • Loss denotes the average loss per epoch (accumulated loss in an epoch/length of the dataset)

    • You should be able to reach at least 80% accuracy after 5 epochs of training.

Evaluate Your Model

After the model is trained, we need to evaluate how good it is on the test set. The process is very similar to that of training, except that you need to turn the model into evaluation mode:

model.eval()

Besides, there is no need to track gradients during testing, which can be disabled with the context manager:

with torch.no_grad():

for data, labels in test_loader:

...

You are expected to print both the test Loss and the test Accuracy if show loss is set to True (print Accuracy only otherwise) in the following format:


    • evaluate_model(model, test_loader, criterion, show_loss = False) Accuracy: 85.39%


    • evaluate_model(model, test_loader, criterion, show_loss = True) Average loss: 0.4116

Accuracy: 85.39%

Format the Accuracy with two decimal places and the accuracy should be shown as a percentage. Format the Loss with four decimal places. The loss should be printed in a separate line before Accuracy (as shown above).

Predict the Labels

Instead of testing on a whole dataset, sometimes it’s more convenient to examine the model’s output on a single image.

As it’s easier for humans to read and interpret probabilities, we need to use a Softmax function to convert the output of your final Dense layer into probabilities (note that by default your model outputs logits). Generally, Softmax is often used as the activation for the last layer of a classification network because the result can be interpreted as a categorical distribution. Specifically, once we obtain the logits, we can use:

prob = F.softmax(logits, dim=?)

You can assume the input test images in predict label(model, test images, index) is a torch ten-sor with the shape Nx1x28x28. Your implementation should display the top three most likely class labels (in descending order of predicted probability; three lines in total) for the image at the given index along with their respective probabilities in percentage (again, your output will vary in its exact numbers but should follow the format below):


    • predict_label(model, pred_set, 1) Pullover: 98.02%

Shirt: 1.58%

Coat: 0.38%


The index are assumed to be valid. We assume the class names are:

class_names = [’T-shirt/top’,’Trouser’,’Pullover’,’Dress’,’Coat’,’Sandal’,’Shirt’ ,’Sneaker’,’Bag’,’Ankle Boot’]





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Deliverable

A single file named intro pytorch.py containing the methods mentioned in the program specification section. Please pay close attention to the format of the print statements in your functions. Incorrect format will lead to point deduction.


Grading Rubrics

    • (20 pts) get data loader() successfully returns the desired train and test loader.

    • (20 pts) build model()  returns an untrained, Sequential model with the specified components

    • (25 pts) train model() trains the model for the specified epochs and the print format is correct

    • (5 pts) evaluate model() displays different output based on its optional argument

    • (30 pts) predict label() displays correctly formatted output; predict label() displays expected top-3 categories; predict label() displays probabilities, not logits.


Submission

Please submit your files in a zip file named hw6 netid.zip, where you replace netid with your netID (your wisc.edu login). Inside your zip file, there should be one single file named: intro pytorch.py. There should be NO folder in the zip file. Do not submit a Jupyter notebook .ipynb file. All code should be contained in functions OR under a


if __name__=="__main__":

check so that it will not run if your code is imported to another program.

Be sure to remove all debugging output before submission. Failure to remove debugging output will be penalized (10pts).

If a regrading request isn’t justifiable (the initial grade is correct and clear, subject to the instructors’ judg-ment), the request for regrading will be penalized (10 pts).

This assignment is due on November 3 at 11:59pm. It is preferable to first submit a version well before the deadline (at least one hour before) and check the content/format of the submission to make sure it’s the right version. Then, later update the submission until the deadline if needed.




























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