Project 4: File System Implementation Solution

FUSE (http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) is a Linux kernel extension that allows for a user space program to provide the implementations for the various file-related syscalls. We will be using FUSE to create our own file system, managed via a single file that represents our disk device. Through FUSE and our implementation, it will be possible to interact with our newly created file system using standard UNIX/Linux programs in a transparent way.

From an interface perspective, our file system will be a two-level directory system, with the following restrictions/simplifications:

    1. The root directory “/” will only contain other subdirectories, and no regular files.

    2. The subdirectories will only contain regular files, and no subdirectories of their own.

    3. All files will be full access (i.e., chmod 0666), with permissions to be mainly ignored.

    4. Many file attributes such as creation and modification times will not be accurately stored.

    5. Files cannot be truncated.

From an implementation perspective, the file system will keep data on “disk” via an indexed allocation strategy, outlined below.

Project Details

Installation of FUSE

FUSE consists of two major components: a kernel module that has already been installed, and a set of libraries and example programs that you need to install.

First, copy the source code to your /u/OSLab/USERNAME directory

cd /u/OSLab/USERNAME

cp /u/OSLab/original/fuse-2.7.0.tar.gz .
tar xvfz fuse-2.7.0.tar.gz

cd fuse-2.7.0

Now, we do the normal configure, compile, install procedure on UNIX, but omit the install step since that needs to be done as a superuser and has already been done.

./configure

make

CS/COE 1550 – Introduction to Operating Systems


(The third step would be make install, but if you try it, you will be met with many access denied errors.)

Setting up the Environment Variables

To be able to use fuse, you will need to do the following for it to work properly. Please enter the following commands after you first log in into thoth.cs.pitt.edu:

cd ~
chmod u+w .bash_profile

nano .bash_profile

This will give you write permissions to .bash_profile and open the nano editor. Now scroll down to the end of the file until you see the line:

# Define your own private shell functions and other commands here

Add the following lines (spacing around the ‘[‘ and ‘]’ characters need to be there!):

if [ "$HOSTNAME" = "thoth.cs.pitt.edu" ]; then source /opt/set_specific_profile.sh; fi


Save the file and quit. Basically, you are directing the .bash_profile script to run another script located in /opt/set_specific_profile.sh, which if you look inside it, sets up the PATH environment variable.

Lastly, remove write permissions from .bash_profile for safety using the following command.

chmod u-w .bash_profile

Now, .bash_profile will not run until the next time you log in, so let’s force run the script so that it is applied to this login session. Run the following command:

source /opt/set_specific_profile.sh

First FUSE Example

Let us now walk through one of the examples. Enter the following:

cd /u/OSLab/USERNAME/

cd fuse-2.7.0/example
mkdir testmount

ls -al testmount
./hello testmount


ls -al testmount

You should see 3 entries: ., .., and hello. We just created this directory, and thus it was empty, so where did hello come from? Obviously, the hello application we just ran could have created it, but what it actually did was lie to the operating system when the OS asked for the contents of that directory. So, let’s see what happens when we try to display the contents of the file.

cat testmount/hello

You should get the familiar hello world quotation. If we cat a file that doesn’t really exist, how do we get meaningful output? The answer comes from the fact that the hello application also gets notified of the attempt to read and open the fictional file “hello” and thus can return the data as if it was really there.

Examine the contents of hello.c in your favorite text editor, and look at the implementations of readdir and read to see that it is just returning hard coded data back to the system.

The final thing we always need to do is to unmount the file system we just used when we are done or need to make changes to the program. Do so by:

fusermount -u testmount

FUSE High-level Description

The hello application we ran in the above example is a particular FUSE file system provided as a sample to demonstrate a few of the main ideas behind FUSE. The first thing we did was to create an empty directory to serve as a mount point. A mount point is a location in the UNIX hierarchical file system where a new device or file system is located. As an analogy, in Windows, “My Computer” is the mount point for your hard disks and CD-ROMs, and if you insert a USB drive or MP3 player, it will show up there as well. In UNIX, we can have mount points at any location in the file system tree.

Running the hello application and passing it the location of where we want the new file system mounted initiates FUSE and tells the kernel that any file operations that occur under our now mounted directory will be handled via FUSE and the hello application. When we are done using this file system, we simply tell the OS that it no longer is mounted by issuing the above fusermount -u command. At that point the OS goes back to managing that directory by itself.

What You Need to Do

Your job is to create the cs1550 file system as a FUSE application that provides the interface described in the first section of this document. A code skeleton has been provided under the examples directory as cs1550.c. It is automatically built when you type make in the examples directory.



The cs1550 file system should be implemented using a single file, named .disk and managed by the real file system in the directory that contains the cs1550 application. This file should keep track of the directories and the file data. We will consider the disk to have 512-byte blocks.

Disk Management

In order to manage the free (or empty) space, you will need to create bookkeeping block(s) in .disk that records what blocks have been previously allocated or not. Use a bitmap as we have discussed in class.

To create a 5MB disk image, execute the following:

dd bs=1K count=5K if=/dev/zero of=.disk

This will create a file initialized to contain all zeros, named .disk. You only need to do this once, or every time you want to completely destroy the disk. (This is our “format” command.)

Root Directory

Since the disk contains blocks that are directories and blocks that are file data, we need to be able to find and identify what a particular block represents. In our file system, the root only contains other directories, so we will use block 0 of .disk to hold the directory entry of the root and, from there, find our subdirectories.

The root directory entry will be a struct defined as below (the actual one we provide in the code has additional attributes and padding to force the structure to be 512 bytes):

struct cs1550_root_directory
{

int nDirectories;    //How many subdirectories are in the root

//Needs to be less than MAX_DIRS_IN_ROOT
struct cs1550_directory

{
char dname[MAX_FILENAME + 1];    //directory name (plus space for nul)

long nStartBlock; //where the directory block is on disk } directories[MAX_DIRS_IN_ROOT]; //There is an array of these

} ;


Since we are limiting our root to be one block in size, there is a limit on how many subdirectories we can create, MAX_DIRS_IN_ROOT. Each subdirectory will have an entry in the directories array with its name and the block index of the subdirectory’s directory entry.








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CS/COE 1550 – Introduction to Operating Systems






Subdirectories

Directories will be stored in our .disk file as a single block-sized cs1550_directory_entry structure per subdirectory. The structure is defined below (again the actual one we provide in the code has additional attributes and padding to force the structure to be 512 bytes):

struct cs1550_directory_entry

{

int nFiles;    //How many files are in this directory.
//Needs to be less than MAX_FILES_IN_DIR

struct cs1550_file_directory

{

char fname[MAX_FILENAME + 1]; char fext[MAX_EXTENSION + 1]; size_t fsize;

long nIndexBlock; } files[MAX_FILES_IN_DIR];

//filename (plus space for nul)

//extension (plus space for nul)

//file size

//where the index block is on disk //There is an array of these

};

Since we require each directory entry to only take up a single disk block, we are limited to a fixed number of files per directory. Each file entry in the directory has a filename in 8.3 (name.extension) format. We also need to record the total size of the file, and the location of the file’s first block on disk.

Files

Files will be stored alongside the directories in the .disk. The size of the index and data blocks is 512 bytes. The index block is a struct of the format:

struct cs1550_index_block

{

//All the space in the index block can be used for index entries. Each index //entry is a data block number.

long entries[MAX_ENTRIES_IN_INDEX_BLOCK];
};


The data block is a struct of the format:

struct cs1550_disk_block

{

//All the space in the block can be used for actual data //storage.

char data[MAX_DATA_IN_BLOCK];
};


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CS/COE 1550 – Introduction to Operating Systems



This is how the resulting system is logically structured:

































The root points to directory dir1, which has three files, File A, File B and File C, each having its own index block. File B has two data blocks. Both File A and File C have one data block each.

Syscalls

To be able to have a simple functioning file system, we need to handle a minimum set of operations on files and directories. The functions are listed here in the order that we suggest you implement them in. The last three do not need implemented beyond what the skeleton code has already.

The syscalls need to return success or failure. Success is indicated by 0 and appropriate errors by the negation of the error code, as listed on the corresponding function’s man page.











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cs1550_getattr














cs1550_mkdir














cs1550_readdir




















cs1550_rmdir



Description:
This function should look up the input path to determine if it

is a directory or a file. If it is a directory, return the

appropriate permissions. If it is a file, return the appropriate

permissions as well as the actual size. This size must be

accurate since it is used to determine EOF and thus read may

not be called.
UNIX
man -s 2 stat
Equivalent:

Return
0 on success, with a correctly set structure
values:
-ENOENT if the file is not found


Description:
This function should add the new directory to the root level,

and should update the .disk file appropriately.
UNIX
man -s 2 mkdir
Equivalent:

Return
0 on success
values:
-ENAMETOOLONG if the name is beyond 8 chars

-EPERM if the directory is not under the root dir only

-EEXIST if the directory already exists


Description:
This function should look up the input path, ensuring that it

is a directory, and then list the contents.

To list the contents, you need to use

the filler() function. For example: filler(buf, ".",

NULL, 0); adds the current directory to the listing generated

by ls -a

In general, you will only need to change the second

parameter to be the name of the file or directory you want to

add to the listing.
UNIX
man -s 2 readdir
Equivalent:


However it’s not exactly equivalent
Return
0 on success
values:
-ENOENT if the directory is not valid or found


This function should not be modified.








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CS/COE 1550 – Introduction to Operating Systems


cs1550_mknod












cs1550_write









cs1550_read








cs1550_unlink cs1550_truncate cs1550_open


cs1550_flush cs1550_init

cs1550_destory



Description:
This function should add a new file to a subdirectory, and

should update the .disk file appropriately with the modified

directory entry structure.
UNIX
man -s 2 mknod
Equivalent:

Return
0 on success
values:
-ENAMETOOLONG if the name is beyond 8.3 chars

-EPERM if the file is trying to be created in the root dir

-EEXIST if the file already exists


Description:
This function should write the data in buf into the file

denoted by path, starting at offset.
UNIX
man -s 2 write
Equivalent:

Return
size on success
values:
-EFBIG if the offset is beyond the file size (but handle

appends)


Description:
This function should read the data in the file denoted

by path into buf, starting at offset.
UNIX
man -s 2 read
Equivalent:

Return
size read on success
values:
-EISDIR if the path is a directory

This function should not be modified.

This function should not be modified.

This function should not be modified, as you get the full path every time any of the other functions are called.

This function should not be modified.

This function includes code that is run when the file system loads (e.g., opening the .disk file, initializing a new .disk file)

This function includes code that is run when the file system is stopped gracefully (e.g., closing the .disk file)


Building and Testing

The cs1550.c file is included as part of the Makefile in the examples directory, so building your changes is as simple as typing make.



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One suggestion for testing is to launch a FUSE application with the -d option (./cs1550 -d testmount). This will keep the program in the foreground, and it will print out every message that the application receives, and interpret the return values that you’re getting back. Just open a second terminal window and try your testing procedures. Note if you do a CTRL+C in this window, you may not need to unmount the file system, but on crashes (transport errors) you definitely need to.

Your first steps will involve simply testing with ls and mkdir. When that works, try using echo and redirection to write to a file. cat will read from a file, and you will eventually even be able to launch nano on a file.

Remember that you may want to delete your.disk file if it becomes corrupted. You can use the commands od -x to see the contents in hex of a file, or the command strings to grab human readable text out of a binary file.

Notes and Hints

    • The root directory is equivalent to your mount point. The FUSE application does not see the directory tree outside of this position. All paths are translated automatically for you.

    • sscanf(path, "/%[^/]/%[^.].%s", directory, filename, extension); or you can use strtok()

    • Your application is part of userspace, and as such you are free to use whatever C Standard Libraries you wish, including the file handling ones.

    • Remember to always close your disk file after you open it in a function. Since the program doesn’t terminate until you unmount the file system, if you’ve opened a file for writing and not closed it, no other function can open that file simultaneously.

    • Remember to open your files for binary access.

    • Without the -d option, FUSE will be launched without knowledge of the directory you started it in, and thus won’t be able to find your .disk file, if it is referenced via a relative path. This is okay, we will grade with the -d option enabled.

    • You can run gdb gdb .libs/lt-cs1550 given that you inside the examples folder. You can then run the program (gdb) r -d testmount

File Backups

One of the major contributions the university provides for the AFS filesystem is nightly backups. However, the /u/OSLab/ partition on thoth is not part of AFS space. Thus, any files you modify under your personal directory in /u/OSLab/ are not backed up. If there is a catastrophic disk failure, all of your work will be irrecoverably lost. As such, it is my recommendation that you:




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CS/COE 1550 – Introduction to Operating Systems


Backup all the files you change under /u/OSLab or QEMU to your ~/private/ directory frequently!

BE FOREWARNED: Loss of work not backed up is not grounds for an extension.

Requirements and Submission

You need to submit:

    • Your well-commented cs1550.c program’s source

Upload the file into Gradescope by the deadline.

Grading Sheet/Rubric

Item

cs1550_getattr

cs1550_mkdir

cs1550_readdir

cs1550_mknod

cs1550_write

cs1550_read

File System works correctly





Grade

15%

15%

15%

15%

15%

15%

10%

The test cases on Gradescope reflect the above rubrics. Please note that the score that you get from the autograder is not your final score. We still do manual grading. We may discover bugs and mistakes that were not caught by the test scripts and take penalty points off. Please use the autograder only as a tool to get immediate feedback and discover bugs in your program. Please note that certain bugs (e.g., deadlocks) in your program may or may not manifest when the test cases are run on your program. It may be the case that the same exact code fails in some tests then the same code passes the same tests when resubmitted. The fact that a test once fails should make you try to debug the issue not to resubmit and hope that the situation that caused the bug won't happen the next time around.

















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