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Laboratory Exercise 4 Part 2 &3 Solution
Using Logic Instructions with the ARM Processor
Logic instructions are needed in many embedded applications. Logic instructions are useful for manipulation of bit strings and for dealing with data at the bit level where only a few bits may be of special interest. They are essential in dealing with input/output tasks. In this exercise we will consider some typical uses. We will use the ARM* processor in the DE1-SoC Computer.
Part II
Perform the following.
Make a new folder and make a copy of the file part1.s in that new folder. Give the new file a name such as part2.s.
In the new file part2.s, take the code which calculates the number of consecutive 1’s and make it into a subroutine called ONES. Have the subroutine use register R1 to receive the input data and register R0 for returning the result.
Add more words in memory starting from the label TEST_NUM. You can add as many words as you like, but include at least 10 words. To terminate the list include the word 0 at the end—check for this 0 entry in your main program to determine when all of the items in the list have been processed.
In your main program, call the newly-created subroutine in a loop for every word of data that you placed in memory. Keep track of the longest string of 1’s in any of the words, and have this result in register R5 when your program completes execution.
Make sure to use breakpoints or single-stepping in the Monitor Program to observe what happens each time the ONES subroutine is called.
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/* Program that counts consecutive 1’s */
.text
// executable code follows
.global
_start
_start:
MOV
R1, #TEST_NUM // load the data word ...
LDR
R1, [R1]
// into R1
MOV
R0, #0
// R0 will hold the result
LOOP:
CMP
R1, #0
// loop until the data contains no more 1’s
BEQ
END
LSR
R2, R1, #1
// perform SHIFT, followed by AND
AND
R1, R1, R2
ADD
R0, #1
// count the string length so far
B
LOOP
END:
B
END
TEST_NUM: .word
0x103fe00f
.end
Figure 1: Assembly-language program that finds the largest string of 1’s.
Part III
One might be interested in the longest string of 0’s, or even the longest string of alternating 1’s and 0’s. For example, the binary number 101101010001 has a string of 6 alternating 1’s and 0’s.
Write a new assembly language program that determines the following:
Longest string of 1’s in a word of data—put the result into register R5 Longest string of 0’s in a word of data—put the result into register R6
Longest string of alternating 1’s and 0’s in a word of data—put the result into register R7 (Hint: What happens when an n-bit number is XORed with an n-bit string of alternating 0’s and 1’s?)
Make each calculation in a separate subroutine called ONES, ZEROS, and ALTERNATE. Call each of these subroutines in the loop that you wrote in Part III, and keep track of the largest result for each calculation, from your list of data.
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Part IV
In this part you are to extend your code from Part III so that the results produced are shown on the 7-segment
displays on your DE-series board. Display the longest string of 1’s (R5) on HEX1 0, the longest string of 0’s
(R6) on HEX3 2, and the longest string of alternating 1’s and 0’s (R7) on HEX5 4.
Each result should be displayed as a two-digit decimal number. Use the approach that you learned in previous lab exercises to convert the numbers in registers R5, R6, and R7 from binary to decimal.
The parallel port in the DE1-SoC Computer connected to the 7-segment displays HEX3 0 is memory mapped at the address 0xFF200020, and the port connected to HEX5 4 is at the address 0xFF200030. Figure 2 shows how the display segments are connected to the parallel port bits. To show each of the numbers from 0 to 9 it is necessary to light up the appropriate display segments. For example, to show 0 on HEX0 you have to turn on all of the segments except for the middle one (segment 6). Hence, you would store the bit-pattern (00111111)2 into the address 0xFF200020 to show this result. A subroutine that produces such bit patterns is given in Figure 3.
Address
0xFF200020
Data register
31 30
24
23 22
16
15 14
8
7
6
0
0
...
...
...
...
5
6
1
4
2
HEX36-0
HEX26-0
HEX16-0
HEX06-0
3
Segments
0xFF200030
31 30
24
23 22
16
15 14
8
7
6
0
Data register
Unused
...
...
HEX56-0
HEX46-0
Figure 2: The parallel ports connected to the seven-segment displays HEX5
0.
An example of code that shows the content of registers on the 7-segment displays is illustrated in Figure 4. Note that this code uses the DIVIDE subroutine that was discussed previously in Lab Exercise 3. The code in the figure shows only the steps needed for register R5. You will need to extend the code to display all three registers on the 7-segment displays as described above.
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/* Subroutine to convert the digits from 0 to 9 to be shown on a HEX display.
Parameters: R0 = the decimal value of the digit to be displayed
Returns: R0 = bit patterm to be written to the HEX display
*/
SEG7_CODE:
MOV
R1, #BIT_CODES
ADD
R1, R0
// index
into the BIT_CODES "array"
LDRB
R0, [R1]
// load the bit pattern (to be returned)
MOV
PC, LR
BIT_CODES:
.byte
0b00111111, 0b00000110,
0b01011011, 0b01001111, 0b01100110
.byte
0b01101101, 0b01111101,
0b00000111, 0b01111111, 0b01100111
Figure 3: A subroutine that produces bit patterns for 7-segment displays.
/* code for Part III (not shown) */
/* Display R5 on HEX1-0, R6 on HEX3-2 and R7 on HEX5-4 */
DISPLAY:
LDR
R8,
=0xFF200020
// base address of HEX3-HEX0
MOV
R0,
R5
// display R5 on HEX1-0
BL
DIVIDE
// ones digit will be in R0; tens
// digit in R1
MOV
R9,
R1
// save the tens digit
BL
SEG7_CODE
MOV
R4,
R0
// save bit code
MOV
R0,
R9
// retrieve the tens digit, get bit
// code
BL
SEG7_CODE
LSL
R0,
#8
ORR
R4,
R0
...
code for R6
(not shown)
...
STR
R4,
[R8]
// display the numbers from R6 and R5
LDR
R8,
=0xFF200030
// base address of HEX5-HEX4
...
code for R7
(not shown)
...
STR
R4,
[R8]
// display the number from R7
Figure 4: A code fragment for showing registers in decimal on 7-segment displays.
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