[5pts] Representer Theorem. In this question, you’ll prove and apply a simpli ed version of the Representer Theorem, which is the basis for a lot of kernelized algorithms. Consider a linear model:
z = w (x)
= g(z);
where is a feature map and g is some function (e.g. identity, logistic, etc.). We are given a training set f(x(i); t(i))gNi=1. We are interested in minimizing the expected loss plus an L2 regularization term:
1
N
Xi
J (w) = N
L(y(i); t(i)) + 2 kwk2;
=1
where L is some loss function. Let
denote the feature matrix
= 0
(x(1)...
)
1
:
B
(x(N))
C
@
A
Observe that this formulation captures a lot of the models we’ve covered in this course, including linear regression, logistic regression, and SVMs.
(a) [2pts] Show that the optimal weights must lie in the row space of .
Hint: Given a subspace S, a vector v can be decomposed as v = vS +v?, where vS is the projection of v onto S, and v? is orthogonal to S. (You may assume this fact without proof, but you can review it here3.) Apply this decomposition to w and see if you can show something about one of the two components.
https://markus.teach.cs.toronto.edu/csc411-2018-09
http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rgrosse/courses/csc411_f18/syllabus.pdf
https://metacademy.org/graphs/concepts/projection_onto_a_subspace
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CSC411 Homework 7
(b) [3pts] Another way of stating the result from part (a) is that w = for some vector . Hence, instead of solving for w, we can solve for . Consider the vectorized form of
the L2 regularized linear regression cost function:
J (w) =
1
kt wk2 +
kwk2:
2N
2
Substitute in w = , to write the cost function as a function of . Determine the optimal value of . Your answer should be an expression involving , t, and the Gram
matrix K = . For simplicity, you may assume that K is positive de nite. (The algorithm still works if K is merely PSD, it’s just a bit more work to derive.)
Hint: the cost function J ( ) is a quadratic function. Simplify the formula into the following form:
12 A + b + c;
for some positive de nite matrix A, vector b and constant c (which can be ignored). You may assume without proof that the minimum of such a quadratic function is given by = A 1b.
[4pts] Compositional Kernels. One of the most useful facts about kernels is that they can be composed using addition and multiplication. I.e., the sum of two kernels is a kernel, and the product of two kernels is a kernel. We’ll show this in the case of kernels which represent dot products between nite feature vectors.
(a) [1pt] Suppose k1(x; x0) = 1(x) 1(x0) and k2(x; x0) = 2(x) 2(x0). Let kS be the
sum kernel kS(x; x0) = k1(x; x0) + k2(x; x0). Find a feature map S such that kS(x; x0) =
S(x) S(x0).
(b) [3pts] Suppose k1(x; x0) = 1(x) 1(x0) and k2(x; x0) = 2(x) 2(x0). Let kP be
the product kernel kP(x; x0) = k1(x; x0) k2(x; x0). Find a feature map P such that
kP(x; x0) = P(x) P(x0).
Hint: For inspiration, consider the quadratic kernel from Lecture 20, Slide 11.
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