(1) (21 points) Suppose we have a system with the following properties:
The memory is byte addressable.
Memory accesses are to 1-byte words (not to 4-byte words). Addresses are 12 bits wide.
The cache has four sets (S = 4). Each set consists of two lines (two-way set associative, E = 2). Each line is four bytes (B = 4).
LRU replacement is used for the cache.
The contents of the cache are as follows, with all addresses, tags, and values given in hex:
Set index
Valid
Tag
Byte 0
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
0
1
00
40
41
42
43
1
83
FE
97
CC
D0
1
1
00
44
45
46
47
0
83
–
–
–
–
2
1
00
48
49
4A
48
0
40
–
–
–
–
3
1
FF
9A
C0
03
FF
0
54
–
–
–
–
A. (5 points) Each of the bits in the 12-bit address can have a role in caching. Assume the bits are ordered from left to right in decreasing significance. Identify how each of the bits is used in caching by writing a sequence of 12 letters, each one indicating the purpose of the corresponding bit, with these possibilities:
“s”: the bit is part of the Set index
“b”: the bit is part of the Block offset
“t”: the bit is part of the Tag
“n”: the bit is not used for cache indexing
One possible (incorrect) answer is “ttssnnttssbb” where the first “t” describes the most significant bit of the address, and the last “b” describes the least significant bit.
Next part is on next page.
B. (16 points + 2 bonus points) For each of the following memory accesses, indicate two things: will it be a cache hit or miss when carried out in sequence as listed, and, for reads, give the value if it can be inferred from the information given. The cache and memory are affected by nothing except the opera-tions listed. If the read value is not inferrable, give “unknown” for Value. For all writes, give “n/a” for Value.
Operation
Address Hit/Miss? Value
Read
0x833
Read
0x00A
Read
0x006
Read
0xFFE
Read
0x54D
Write
0x54E
Write
0x007
Read
0x44C
(Bonus) Read
0xFFE
(2) (0 point. This question is for those who are interested in more practice. You can ask questions about this on Piazza, but please do NOT submit your answer on this one.)
Consider the following bit of C code:
int x[2][128];
2 int i, sum=0;
3 for (i=0; i<128; i++) {
4sum += x[0][i] * x[1][i];
5 }
and assume the following conditions:
sizeof(int) == 4
Array x begins at memory address 0x0 and is stored in row-major order. In each case below, the cache is initially empty.
The only memory accesses are to the entries of the array x. All other variables are stored in registers.
Given these assumptions, estimate the miss rates for the following cases and answer the associated questions.
You do not need more than 50 words per part.
A. Case 1: Assume the cache is 512 bytes, direct-mapped, with 16-byte cache blocks. What is the miss rate?
B. Case 2: What is the miss rate if we double the cache size to 1024 bytes?
C. Case 3: Now assume the cache is 512 bytes, two-way set associative with an LRU replacement policy, with 16-byte cache blocks. What is the cache miss rate?
D. For Case 3, will a larger cache size help to reduce the miss rate? Why or why not?
E. For Case 3, will a larger block size help to reduce the miss rate? Why or why not?
