Project 2A Races and Synchronization Solution

INTRODUCTION:




In this project, you will engage (at a low level) with a range of synchronization problems. Part A of the project (this part!) deals with conflicting read-modify-write operations on single variables and complex data structures (an ordered linked list). It is broken up into multiple steps:




Part 1 - updates to a shared variable:







Write a multithreaded application (using pthreads) that performs parallel updates to a shared variable.




Demonstrate the race condition in the provided add routine, and address it with different synchronization mechanisms.




Do performance instrumentation and measurement.




Analyze and explain the observed performance.







Part 2 - updates to a shared complex data structure:







Implement the four routines described in SortedList.h: SortedList_insert, SortedList_delete,




SortedList_lookup, SortedList_length.




Write a multi-threaded application, using pthread that performs, parallel updates to a sorted doubly linked list data structure (using methods from the above step).




Recognize and demonstrate the race conditions when performing linked list operations, and address




them with different synchronization mechanisms.

Do performance instrumentation and measurement.




Analyze and explain the observed performance.







Viewed from a skills (rather than problem domain) perspective, this project focuses less on programming, and more on performance measurement and analysis.




RELATION TO READING AND LECTURES:




The basic shared counter problem was introduced in section 28.1.




Mutexes, test-and-set, spin-locks, and compare-and-swap were described in (many sections of) chapter 28.

Synchronization of partitioned lists was introduced in section 29.2.




PROJECT OBJECTIVES:




primary: demonstrate the ability to recognize critical sections and address them with a variety of different mechanisms.




primary: demonstrate the existence of race conditions, and efficacy of the subsequent solutions




primary: experience with basic performance instrumentation, measurement and analysis







DELIVERABLES:




A single tarball (.tar.gz) containing:




(at least) Four C source modules that compile cleanly with no errors or warnings):




lab2_add.c ... a C program that implements and tests a shared variable add function, implements the (below) specified command line options, and produces the (below) specified output statistics. SortedList.h ... a header file (supplied by us) describing the interfaces for linked list operations. SortedList.c ... a C module that implements insert, delete, lookup, and length methods for a sorted doubly linked list (described in the provided header file, including correct placement of yield calls).







You are free to implement methods beyond those described in the provided SortedList.h, but you cannot make any changes to that header file. This header file describes the interfaces that you are required to implement.




lab2_list.c ... a C program that implements the (below) specified command line options and produces the (below) specified output statistics.







A Makefile to build the deliverable programs (lab2_add and lab2_list), output, graphs, and tarball. For your early testing you are free to run your program manually, but by the time you are done, all of the below-described test cases should be executed, the output captured, and the graphs produced automatically. The higher level targets should be:




build ... (default target) compile all programs (with the -Wall and -Wextra options).




tests ... run all (over 200) specified test cases to generate results in CSV files. Note that the




lab2_list program is expected to fail when running multiple threads without synchronization. Make

sure that your Makefile continues executing despite such failures (e.g. put a '-' in front of commands

that are expected to fail).

graphs ... use gnuplot(1) and the supplied data reduction scripts to generate the required graphs




dist ... create the deliverable tarball




clean ... delete all programs and output created by the Makefile







lab2_add.csv ... containing all of your results for all of the Part-1 tests.




lab2_list.csv ... containing all of your results for all of the Part-2 tests.




graphs (.png files), created by running gnuplot(1) on the above .csv files with the supplied data reduction scripts.




For part 1 (lab2_add):




lab2_add-1.png ... threads and iterations required to generate a failure (with and without yields)




lab2_add-2.png ... average time per operation with and without yields.




lab2_add-3.png ... average time per (single threaded) operation vs. the number of iterations.




lab2_add-4.png ... threads and iterations that can run successfully with yields under each of the synchronization options.




lab2_add-5.png ... average time per (protected) operation vs. the number of threads.




For part 2 (lab2_list):




lab2_list-1.png ... average time per (single threaded) unprotected operation vs. number of iterations (illustrating the correction of the per-operation cost for the list length).




lab2_list-2.png ... threads and iterations required to generate a failure (with and without yields).




lab2_list-3.png ... iterations that can run (protected) without failure.




lab2_list-4.png ... (length-adjusted) cost per operation vs the number of threads for the




various synchronization options.




any other scripts or files required to generate your results a README text file containing:




descriptions of each of the included files and any other information about your submission that you would like to bring to our attention (e.g. research, limitations, features, testing methodology). brief (1-4 sentences per question) answers to each of the questions (below).

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:




STUDY




To perform this assignment, you may need to study a few things:




a more complete tutorial on pthreads.







clock_gettime(2) ... high resolution timers (for accurate performance data collection).




GCC atomic builtins ... functions to directly execute atomic read-modify-write operations.




gnuplot(1) ... a general and powerful tool for producing a wide variety of graphs, and is commonly used for organizing and reporting performance data. You can get more complete information on using gnuplot from its user manual. You may need to install gnuplot on your system.







We are providing you with sample (gnuplot) data reduction scripts for the first parts of this assignment:




lab2_add.gp







lab2_list.gp







These scripts take no arguments, read .csv files with hard-coded names (lab2_add.csv, lab2_list.csv) and produce graphical output (.png files) that correspond to your deliverable graphs. These scripts use grep(1) to extract the desired data points from your lab2_add.csv and lab2_list.csv files. They will report errors if any of the required data points are missing (e.g. because you have not yet run those tests or they produced no data).




If gnuplot is not installed in its standard location (/usr/bin) you will need to change the first line of each of these scripts to reflect the location where gnuplot is installed on the system on which you are running.




In the next and final part of this assignment, you can use these as a basis for creating your own graphing scripts.




PART 1: adds to a shared variable




Start with a basic add routine:




void add(long long *pointer, long long value) {

long long sum = *pointer + value;

*pointer = sum;

}




Write a test driver program (called lab2_add) that:




takes a parameter for the number of parallel threads (--threads=#, default 1). takes a parameter for the number of iterations (--iterations=#, default 1). initializes a (long long) counter to zero




notes the (high resolution) starting time for the run (using clock_gettime(3))




starts the specified number of threads, each of which will use the above add function to




add 1 to the counter the specified number of times




add -1 to the counter the specified number of times




exit to re-join the parent thread




wait for all threads to complete, and notes the (high resolution) ending time for the run prints to stdout a comma-separated-value (CSV) record including:




the name of the test (add-none for the most basic usage)




the number of threads (from --threads=)




the number of iterations (from --iterations=)

the total number of operations performed (threads x iterations x 2, the "x 2" factor because you add 1 first and then add -1)




the total run time (in nanoseconds)




the average time per operation (in nanoseconds).




the total at the end of the run (0 if there were no conflicting updates)




If bad command-line parameters are encountered or a system call fails, exit with a return code of one. If the run completes successfully, exit with a return code of zero. If any errors (other than a non-zero final count) are encountered, exit with a return code of two.







The supported command line options and expected output are illustrated below:




./lab2_add --iterations=10000 --threads=10 add-none,10,10000,200000,6574000,32,374
 



This project calls for you to produce and graph a great deal of data. If you install gnuplot(1) and append all of your test output to a single file (lab2_add.csv in part 1, lab2_list.csv in part 2), you can use our sample data reduction scripts (lab2_add.gp and lab2_list.gp) to produce all of the required data plots.




Note that each of these scripts produce all of the required graphs. Early in the process, you will not have yet generated all of the data required for all of the graphs, and gnuplot will report errors because (for some of the graphs) it found no data to plot.




Run your program for ranges of iterations (100, 1000, 10000, 100000) values, capture the output, and note how many threads and iterations it takes to (fairly consistently) result in a failure (non-zero sum). Review the results and (in your README file) answer the following question:




QUESTION 2.1.1 - causing conflicts:




Why does it take many iterations before errors are seen?

Why does a significantly smaller number of iterations so seldom fail?




There are ways to cause a thread to immediately yield (rather than waiting for a time slice end to preempt it).




Posix includes a sched_yield operation. Extend the basic add routine to more easily cause the failures:




int opt_yield;

void add(long long *pointer, long long value) {

long long sum = *pointer + value;

if (opt_yield)

sched_yield();

*pointer = sum;




}




Add a new --yield to your driver program that sets opt_yield to 1. If ths hoption has been specified, each line of statistics output should begin with add-yield, and tests without synchronization should be tagged add-yield-none. Re-run your tests, with yields, for ranges of threads (2,4,8,12) and iterations (10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000), capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the (existence of) successful runs vs the number of threads and iterations. Submit this plot as lab2_add-1.png. Note how many iterations and threads it takes to (fairly consistently) result in a failure with the yield option. It should now be much easier to cause the failures.




Compare the average execution time of the yield and non-yield versions a range threads (2, 8) and of iterations (100, 1000, 10000, 100000). Capture the results and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the time per operation vs the number of iterations, for yield and non-yield executions. Submit this plot as lab2_add-2.png. You should note that the --yield runs are much slower than the non-yield runs. Review the results and (in your




README file) answer the following questions:




QUESTION 2.1.2 - cost of yielding:

Why are the --yield runs so much slower?




Where is the additional time going?

Is it possible to get valid per-operation timings if we are using the --yield option?




If so, explain how. If not, explain why not.




Plot (using the supplied data reduction script), for a single thread, the average cost per operation (non-yield) as a function of the number of iterations. Submit this plot as lab2_add-3.png. You should note that the average cost per operation goes down as the number of iterations goes up. Review the results and (in your README file) answer the following questions:




QUESTION 2.1.3 - measurement errors:




Why does the average cost per operation drop with increasing iterations?

If the cost per iteration is a function of the number of iterations, how do we know how many iterations to run (or what the "correct" cost is)?




Note: if you change your implementation to get around this problem, put that enhancement under the control of an optional command line switch (that you can specify in your makefile when you run subsequent tests). But I want to be able to run your program and see that you were able to observe this problem before you fixed it.




Implement three new versions of your add function:




one protected by a pthread_mutex enabled by a new --sync=m option. When running this test, the output statistics should begin with "add-m" or "add-yield-m".




one protected by a spin-lock, enabled by a new --sync=s option. You will have to implement your own




spin-lock operation. We suggest that you do this using the GCC atomic__sync_builtin functions

__sync_lock_test_and_set and __sync_lock_release. When running this test, the output statistics should

begin with "add-s" or "add-yield-s".

one that performs the add using the GCC atomic_sync_buildin function __sync_val_compare_and_swap to




ensure atomic updates to the shared counter, enabled by a new --sync=c option. In this test case, because compare-and-swap changes the algorithm, the yield check should be put between the computation of the new sum and performing the compare-and-swap. When running this test, the output statistics should begin with "add-c" or "add-yield-c".




Summary of expected tag fields




add-none ... no yield, no synchronization







add-m ... no yield, mutex synchronization




add-s ... no yield, spin-lock synchronization add-c ... no yield, compare-and-swap synchronization add-yield-none ... yield, no synchronization add-yield-m ... yield, mutex synchronization add-yield-s ... yield, spin-lock synchronization add-yield-c ... yield, compare-and-swap synchronization







Use your --yield options to confirm that, even for large numbers of threads (2, 4, 8, 12) and iterations (10,000 for mutexes and CAS, only 1,000 for spin locks) that reliably failed in the unprotected scenarios, all three of these serialization mechanisms eliminate the race conditions in the add critical section. [Note that we suggest a smaller number of threads/iterations when you test spin-lock synchronization]




Capture the output output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the (existence of) successful runs vs the number of threads and iterations for each synchronization option (none, mutex, spin, compare-and-swap). Submit this plot as lab2_add-4.png.

Using a large enough number of iterations (e.g. 10,000) to overcome the issues raised in the question 2.1.3, test all four (no yield) versions (unprotected, mutex, spin-lock, compare-and-swap) for a range of number of threads (1,2,4,8,12), capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the average time per operation (non-yield), vs the number of threads. Submit this plot as lab2_add-5.png. Review the results and (in your README file) answer the following questions:




QUESTION 2.1.4 - costs of serialization:




Why do all of the options perform similarly for low numbers of threads?

Why do the three protected operations slow down as the number of threads rises?




PART 2: sorted, doubly-linked, list




Review the interface specifications for a sorted doubly linked list package described in the header file SortedList.h, and implement all four methods in a new module named SortedList.c. Note that the interface includes three software-conterolled yield options. Identify the critical section in each of your four methods and add calls to pthread_yield or sched_yield, controlled by the yield options:




in SortedList_insert if opt_yield & INSERT_YIELD







in SortedList_delete if opt_yield & DELETE_YIELD




in SortedList_lookup if opt_yield & LOOKUP_YIELD




in SortedList_length if opt_yield & LOOKUP_YIELD







to force a switch to another thread at the critical point in each method.




Write a test driver program called lab2_list that:




takes a parameter for the number of parallel threads (--threads=#, default 1).







takes a parameter for the number of iterations (--iterations=#, default 1).




takes a parameter to enable (any combination of) optional critical section yields (--yield=[idl], i for




insert, d for delete, l for lookups).

initializes an empty list.




creates and initializes (with random keys) the required number (threads x iterations) of list elements. Note that we do this before creating the threads so that this time is not included in our start-to-finish measurement. Similarly, if you free elements at the end of the test, do this after collecting the test execution times.




notes the (high resolution) starting time for the run (using clock_gettime(3)).




starts the specified number of threads.




each thread:




starts with a set of pre-allocated and initialized elements (--iterations=#)




inserts them all into a (single shared-by-all-threads) list




gets the list length




looks up and deletes each of the keys it had previously inserted




exits to re-join the parent thread




waits for all threads to complete, and notes the (high resolution) ending time for the run.




checks the length of the list to confirm that it is zero.




prints to stdout a comma-separated-value (CSV) record including:




the name of the test, which is of the form: list-yieldopts-syncopts: where




yieldopts = {none, i,d,l,id,il,dl,idl}




syncopts = {none,s,m}




the number of threads (from --threads=)




the number of iterations (from --iterations=)




the number of lists (always 1 in this project)




the total number of operations performed: threads x iterations x 3 (insert + lookup + delete) the total run time (in nanoseconds) for all threads

the average time per operation (in nanoseconds).







If bad arguments are encountered or a system call fails exit with a return code of one. If the run completes successfully, exit with a return code of zero. If any inconsistencies are discovered, exit with a return code of two.







In part one, a synchronization error merely resulted in the subtracts and adds not balancing out. In this part, a synchronization error is likely to result in a corrupted list. If, at any time, you find evidence of a corrupted list (e.g. you cannot find a key that you know you inserted, or the list length is not zero at the end of the test), you should log an error message (to stderr) and exit immediately without producing the above results record. Note that in some cases your program may not detect an error, but may simply experience a segmentation fault. Catch these, and log and return an error. When you look at your test results, you should consider any test that did not produce output to have failed.




The supported command line options and expected output are illustrated below:




./lab2-list --threads=10 --iterations=1000 --yield=id list-id-none,10,1000,1,30000,527103247,25355



 



Run your program with a single thread, and increasing numbers of iterations (10, 100, 1000, 10000, 20000), capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the mean cost per operation vs the number of iterations. Submit this plot as lab2_list-1.png. These results should be quite different from what you observed when testing your add function with increasing numbers of iterations.




The time per iteration may initially go down with the number of iterations (as it did in part 1), but it eventually becomes linear with the number of iterations! This is because the time to insert into or search a sorted list is proportional to the list length. This is to be expected ... but we are primarily interested in the cost of serialization, and so we would like to separate the per operation costs from the per-element costs. The easiest way to do this is to divide the cost per iteration (total / (threads * iterations)) by the average search distance (iterations/4). Why iterations/4?




Inserts take list length from 0 to iterations, and then from iterations to 0. Thus, the average list length is iterations/2.




Each insert or search operation, on average, has to run through half the list, which gives us an average search distance of iterations/4.







After making this correction to your reported times, the times per operation should (modulo start-up time) show more stable per operation costs. Do not change your program to make this correction!. The provided data reduction script graphs both the raw time per operation and the time corrected for the list length.




Run your program and see how many parallel threads (2,4,8,12) and iterations (1, 10,100,1000) it takes to fairly consistently demonstrate a problem. Then run it again using various combinations of yield options and see how many threads (2,4,8,12) and iterations (1, 2,4,8,16,32) it takes to fairly consistently demonstrate the problem. Make sure that you can demonstrate:




conflicts between inserts (--yield=i)







conflicts between deletes (--yield=d)




conflicts between inserts and lookups (--yield=il)




conflicts between deletes and lookups (--yield=dl)







Capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the (existence of) successful runs vs the number of threads and iterations for non-yield and each of the above four yield combinations. Submit this plot as




lab2_list-2.png.




Add two new options to your program to call two new versions of these methods: one set of operations protected by pthread_mutexes (--sync=m), and another protected by test-and-set spin locks (--sync=s). Using your –yieldoptions, demonstrate that either of these protections seems to eliminate all of the problems, even for moderate numbers of threads (12) and iterations (32). [Note we limit the number of iterations because of how very slow the spin-lock version becomes with larger numbers of threads and iterations ... which we will get to next].




Capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the (existence of) successful runs vs the number of iterations for mutex and spin-lock protection with each of the above four yield combinations. Submit this plot as lab2_list-3.png.




Choose an appropriate number of iterations (e.g. 1000) to overcome start-up costs and rerun your program without the yields for a range of # threads (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24). Capture the output, and plot (using the supplied data reduction script) the (corrected for list length) per operation times (for each of the synchronization options: mutex, spin) vs the number of threads. Submit this plot as lab2_list-4.png. Review the results, compare them with the analogous add timings (add-5.png) and (in your README file) answer the following questions:




QUESTION 2.2.1 - scalability of Mutex




Compare the variation in time per mutex-protected operation vs the number of threads in Part-1 (adds) and Part-2 (sorted lists).




Comment on the general shapes of the curves, and explain why they have this shape. Comment on the relative rates of increase and differences in the shapes of the curves, and offer an explanation for these differences.




QUESTION 2.2.2 - scalability of spin locks




Compare the variation in time per protected operation vs the number of threads for list operations protected by Mutex vs Spin locks. Comment on the general shapes of the curves, and explain why they have this shape.




Comment on the relative rates of increase and differences in the shapes of the curves, and offer an explanation for these differences.




SUMMARY OF EXIT CODES:




0: successful run







1: invalid command-line parameter or system call error




2: other failures







SUBMISSION:




Your README file must include lines of the form:




NAME: your name




EMAIL: your email

ID: your student ID




And, if slip days are allowed on this project, and you use some:




SLIPDAYS: your student ID,#days




Your name, student ID, and email address should also appear as comments at the top of your Makefile and each source file.




Your tarball should have a name of the form lab2a-studentID.tar.gz.




You can sanity check your submission with this test script.

Projects that do not pass the test script will not be accepted!

We will test it on a departmental Linux server. You would be well advised to test your submission on that platform before submitting it.




GRADING:




Points for this project will be awarded:




value feature




Packaging and build (10% total)




2% un-tars expected contents




3% clean build of correct programs w/default action (no warnings)




3% Makefile has working clean, dist, test and graphs targets




2% reasonableness of README contents




Analysis (20% total)




4% General clarity of thought and understanding




2% (each) 2.1.1-2.1.4




4% (each) 2.2.1-2




Code Review (20%)




4% overall readability and reasonableness




2% add: yields correct and in appropriate places




4% list: yields correct and in appropriate places




2% mutex correctly used for add




2% mutex correctly used for list




2% spin-lock correctly implemented and used for add




2% spin-lock correctly implemented and used for list




2% compare-and-swap correctly implemented and used for add




Add results (20% total)




2% add: threads and iterations




2% add: correct output format




2% add: reasonable time reporting




1% add: correct yield




3% add: correct mutex




3% add: correct spin




3% add: correct CAS




4% add: graphs (showed expected results)




List results (30% total)




2% list: threads and iterations




2% list: correct output format




2% list: reasonable time reporting




6% list: correct yield




6% list: correct mutex




6% list: correct spin




6% list: graphs (showed expected results)

Note: if your program does not accept the correct options or produce the correct output, you are likely to receive a zero for the results portion of your grade. Look carefully at the sample commands and output. If you have questions, ask.